{"id":97773,"date":"2021-07-23T15:00:17","date_gmt":"2021-07-23T18:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/barcainnovationhub.com\/?p=97773"},"modified":"2021-07-23T15:00:18","modified_gmt":"2021-07-23T18:00:18","slug":"importancia-dels-factors-neurals-en-el-rendiment-de-forca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/barcainnovationhub.com\/ca\/importancia-dels-factors-neurals-en-el-rendiment-de-forca\/","title":{"rendered":"Import\u00e0ncia dels factors neurals en el rendiment de for\u00e7a"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La capacitat per exercir for\u00e7a en un curt per\u00edode de temps (coneguda com a r\u00e0tio de desenvolupament de la for\u00e7a) \u00e9s un dels principals indicadors de rendiment en accions explosives.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[37,31],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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capacitat per exercir grans nivells de for\u00e7a en un curt per\u00edode de temps, coneguda com a for\u00e7a explosiva o pot\u00e8ncia, \u00e9s un dels pilars del rendiment en multitud d&#8217;esports, des d&#8217;aquells que contenen accions com els salts, llan\u00e7aments, esprints o canvis de direcci\u00f3, fins uns altres en els quals a priori podr\u00edem pensar que la seva import\u00e0ncia \u00e9s menor com els de resist\u00e8ncia. En concret, el r\u00e0tio de desenvolupament de la for\u00e7a (la capacitat per generar for\u00e7a des dels primers mil\u00b7lisegons de l&#8217;acci\u00f3, normalment avaluada en els primers 100-200 mil\u00b7lisegons) ha mostrat ser un millor indicador del rendiment en aquesta mena d&#8217;accions que la for\u00e7a m\u00e0xima aconseguida, malgrat ser aquesta \u00faltima la que m\u00e9s atenci\u00f3 ha rebut tradicionalment.<sup>1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Encara que la massa muscular juga un paper important en el desenvolupament de for\u00e7a muscular, sent de fet un dels factors que afecta el r\u00e0tio de desenvolupament de for\u00e7a,<sup>1<\/sup> aquest \u00faltim ha mostrat estar enormement condicionat per factors neurals. De fet, la millora dels factors neurals \u00e9s una de les adaptacions que m\u00e9s afavoreix les millores en el r\u00e0tio de desenvolupament de for\u00e7a i en general en el rendiment, quedant patent des de les primeres setmanes d&#8217;entrenament \u2013 al contrari que els guanys en la massa muscular, que poden trigar setmanes a oc\u00f3rrer \u2013. Per exemple, un estudi va observar que 5 setmanes d&#8217;entrenament podien produir millores en la for\u00e7a muscular sense produir canvis en el gruix muscular, la rigidesa muscular o l&#8217;arquitectura del m\u00fascul cosa que sembla indicar que les primeres millores en la for\u00e7a s\u00f3n degudes principalment a adaptacions neurals.<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Confirmant el paper dels factors neurals en la for\u00e7a, diversos estudis han mostrat que la capacitat per realitzar una activaci\u00f3 neuromuscular r\u00e0pida al comen\u00e7ament de la contracci\u00f3 (mesurada mitjan\u00e7ant electromiografia) \u00e9s clau per produir alts nivells de r\u00e0tio de desenvolupament de for\u00e7a, al contrari que la for\u00e7a m\u00e0xima, que no requereix d&#8217;una activaci\u00f3 neuromuscular tan r\u00e0pida.<sup>3,4<\/sup> Per tant, els programes d&#8217;entrenament destinats a millorar accions com el salt han de tenir com a objectiu millorar aquesta activaci\u00f3 neuromuscular des dels primers mil\u00b7lisegons de l&#8217;acci\u00f3. En aquest sentit, s&#8217;ha observat que l&#8217;entrenament de for\u00e7a amb c\u00e0rregues altes (acabant amb 4-6 repeticions m\u00e0ximes) augmenta no sols la for\u00e7a m\u00e0xima i el r\u00e0tio de desenvolupament de la for\u00e7a, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 l&#8217;activaci\u00f3 neuromuscular durant les primeres fases de la contracci\u00f3 (0-200 mil\u00b7lisegons).<sup>5<\/sup> A m\u00e9s, recentment Del Vechio i col\u00b7laboradors van monitorar una s\u00e8rie de motoneurones abans i despr\u00e9s de 4 setmanes d&#8217;entrenament de for\u00e7a (realitzant contraccions amb &gt;75% de la for\u00e7a m\u00e0xima i realitzades a la m\u00e0xima velocitat), i van observar que dites motoneurones es reclutaven abans, augmentant la seva freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de desc\u00e0rrega.<sup>6<\/sup> \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>D&#8217;altra banda, amb l&#8217;entrenament de for\u00e7a no sols s&#8217;observen canvis a nivell de les motoneurones, sin\u00f3 que tamb\u00e9 es produeixen canvis directament a nivell de l&#8217;escor\u00e7a cerebral. Aix\u00ed, s&#8217;ha observat que en entrenar \u00fanicament amb un costat del cos es poden produir guanys de for\u00e7a en el costat contralateral no entrenat. Per exemple, un estudi va observar que despr\u00e9s de 9 sessions d&#8217;entrenament de for\u00e7a amb una cama, augmentava la for\u00e7a d&#8217;aquesta cama en un 41%; per\u00f2 curiosament, la for\u00e7a del costat no entrenat tamb\u00e9 va augmentar un 35%, i tamb\u00e9 ho va fer l&#8217;activaci\u00f3 cortical.<sup>7<\/sup> Per tant, aquestes adaptacions a nivell neural podrien servir per millorar per exemple la for\u00e7a d&#8217;un membre lesionat en entrenar amb el membre no lesionat.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong><em>Conclusions<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>En resum, malgrat que moltes vegades es posa el focus per millorar la for\u00e7a en els factors estructurals com pot ser el volum muscular, els factors neurals juguen un paper fins i tot m\u00e9s important, sobretot en accions que impliquen exercir grans nivells de for\u00e7a en un curt espai de temps (salt, esprint, etc). L&#8217;entrenament de for\u00e7a explosiu i amb c\u00e0rregues altes ha mostrat ser efica\u00e7 per millorar aquests factors neurals, no sent necessari un gran volum d&#8217;entrenament \u2013 al contrari del que passa per aconseguir hipertr\u00f2fia muscular \u2013 per obtenir aquests beneficis.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Pedro L. Valenzuela<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Refer\u00e8ncies<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Maffiuletti NA, Aagaard \u00b7 Per, Blazevich AJ, Folland J, Tillin N, Duchateau J. Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations. <em>Eur J Appl Physiol<\/em>. 2016;In press. doi:10.1007\/s00421-016-3346-6<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Blazevich AJ, Gill ND, Deans N, Zhou S. Lack of human muscle architectural adaptation after short-term strength training. <em>Muscle and Nerve<\/em>. 2007;35(1):78-86. doi:10.1002\/mus.20666<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>De Ruiter CJ, Kooistra RD, Paalman MI, De Haan A. Initial phase of maximal voluntary and electrically stimulated knee extension torque development at different knee angles. <em>J Appl Physiol<\/em>. 2004;97(5):1693-1701. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00230.2004<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>De Ruiter CJ, Vermeulen G, Toussaint HM, De Haan A. Isometric knee-extensor torque development and jump height in volleyball players. <em>Med Sci Sports Exerc<\/em>. 2007;39(8):1336-1346. doi:10.1097\/mss.0b013e318063c719<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Andersen JL, Magnusson P, Dyhre-Poulsen P. Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training. <em>J Appl Physiol<\/em>. 2002;93(4):1318-1326. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00283.2002<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Del Vecchio A, Casolo A, Negro F, et al. The increase in muscle force after 4\u00a0weeks of strength training is mediated by adaptations in motor unit recruitment and rate coding. <em>J Physiol<\/em>. 2019;597(7):1873-1887. doi:10.1113\/JP277250<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Goodwill AM, Pearce AJ, Kidgell DJ. Corticomotor plasticity following unilateral strength training. <em>Muscle and Nerve<\/em>. 2012;46(3):384-393. doi:10.1002\/mus.23316<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n"}],"colaboradores":false,"cta_titulo_top":"","cta_boton_top":"","cta_url_top":"","cta_titulo_footer":"","cta_subtitulo_footer":"","cta_boton_footer":"","cta_url_footer":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/barcainnovationhub.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/97773"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/barcainnovationhub.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/barcainnovationhub.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/barcainnovationhub.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/33"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/barcainnovationhub.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=97773"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/barcainnovationhub.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/97773\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":97788,"href":"https:\/\/barcainnovationhub.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/97773\/revisions\/97788"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/barcainnovationhub.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=97773"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/barcainnovationhub.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=97773"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/barcainnovationhub.com\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=97773"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}